It's Time to take control of our future
The Past is Now, Our Lore is now

Ibbai Waggan People are the Continual Ancestral Owners of Land, Lore, Culture & Spiritual Beliefs of our Ngurangbang. Ibbai Waggan People have never ceded Sovereignty or Proprietary Authority over Ngurangbang or to any of the Crown or European Australian laws. Ibbai Waggan People, as the Owners and upholders of our Lore and Culture within our Ngurangbang have endured and forced to accept through designed law State and Federal governments destroying our Mother Earth, undermine our Wiradjuri obligations. Ibbai Waggan People are frustrated with the systems and laws used to continually mislead our Senior Elders of Community. It is an arrogance that the systems are manipulated to achieve predetermined outcomes, devoid of justice. Our people are being denied basic human rights and it is well documented our race are amongst worst treated people in the world. It is an injustice and national disgrace.

We are fortunate that Ibbai Waggan People have at their disposal and refer to the “Historical Records”, papers relating to the Church Missionary Society Missions to Wellington Valley, New South Wales, 1830-1842.
The Ibbai Waggan can quote and reference “extracts” documented daily events witnessed by the appointed missionaries. These are written words that support our oral history and stories passed down for 150 thousand years. Together they do not portray a pretty history but remains together with other accounts. Unfortunately, these records are testimony to confirm truth that has been swept away, hidden or rewritten to hider the injustices of the past, post colonization. These references in the written words demonstrates the Ibbai Waggan People events during 1830-1842 as record and reinforces our ancestors have not ceded and we retain our proprietary rights over Ngurangbang.
Within our submission, we would like to direct the committee to various video links that will further describe the Human Rights Violations committed over 250 years to our People. These video links are from academics or experts that raise serious questions that remain unanswered. It is their investigations and evidence, not ours.
We will now refer to our timeline structure.

Wellington Valley Wiradjuri Society Pre-Invasion 1768

Before the Invasion of Europeans, Ibbai Waggan People inhabited & Biamburruwallanua (governed) their Ngurangbang with our unique Lore. Ibbai Waggan People know their ancestors lived on the land since the beginning of time through our Story Lines, Spiritual Beliefs, Cultures and language within our territorial boundary. Our People used geographic areas, such as rivers, creeks, hills, and mountains to define each Ngurangbang territorial boundaries, these Ngurangbangs provided areas to gather food, hunt and sustain an existence in unison with an adjoining Ngurangbang and were respected by other Wiradjuri mobs. Pathways connecting neighboring mob groups were strictly maintained through ownership of Ngurangbang. Transition into other areas was usually via permission of entry. We know this and always have through oral stories handed down through our kinship structures. Conflict naturally arose when colonial settlers forced their presence on ngurangbang, uninvited. 

1817 Exploration by Europeans of the Wellington Valley

The first recorded European exploration of the Wellington Valley occurred in 1817 when the party led by Lieutenant John Oxley, Surveyor-General of New South Wales, entered the valley and named it Wellington. During Oxley’s party’s exploration of the valley, the Wellington Wiradjuri were not to be seen, a common occurrence in the early period of European entry into our territory. However, Wellington Wiradjuri occupation was evident from the burning fires. Sparse interaction with the local Wiradjuri resulting in the destruction of the original socio-economic base of our Wiradjuri people. 

The appearance and recorded documentation of soldiers and settlers lead to the widespread sexual exploitation of Wiradjuri women and children. Exploitation and sexual abuse by European men is a dominant theme in the Missionaries records 1830-1842. The sexual exploitation by Europeans that emerged in the Wellington Valley, had negative impacts on the demography, health and society of the Wellington Valley Ibbai Waggan Wiradjuri People. The records depict a high level of venereal disease resulting from this interaction, a considerable death toll and increased infertility within the Wellington Wiradjuri.

Recorded declarations by the Wellington Valley Wiradjuri

Extracts from our Historical Records by Missionaries
These documents are most important in history. They are the earliest written records by European clergy living among the Wellington Valley Wiradjuri people and documenting daily occurrences. The records 1830-1842 are some 750 pages of recorded documentation. The recordings confirm and shape our rights as Wiradjuri descendants. Within these two highlighted daily records, it is confirmed the Wiradjuri declared their Proprietary rights and Continual Sovereignty rights under Wiradjuri Lore. These rights exist in immemorial and have never been ceded. The second quote also bears acknowledgement of the extent of Wellington Valley Wiradjuri country being 100 miles around Wellington.

17 October 1835, our Ibbai Waggan ancestor Gungin a Lore man declared;

What do you want here? What do you come here for? Why do you not go to your own country?

16 November 1836, at 6 o’clock two hundred Warriors, near the mission house, standing in battle array with all their weapons of war. A tall lean Warrior came forward & declared how the land “all about belonged to the natives”. It was already known, that many of these Warriors were battle natives & had come from a distance of 100 miles.

Post Invasion Human Rights Violations on the Wiradjuri

There were a number of events occurring post colonization which had a marked affect on the Ibbai Waggan Wiradjuri People and population. This list is not limited to Wellington Valley and all inclusive.
• Invasion of the British and the Colonization of Wellington Country claiming Wiradjuri Ngurangbangs
• Slavery and sexual exploitation of Wiradjuri for the benefit of the settlers
• Biological Warfare and Genocide – Introduction of Blankets Riddled with Smallpox
• Subdue and resistance through Murder of Wiradjuri
    o Repeated Massacres – Declaration of Martial Law 1824
• Apartheid Acts commenced against the Wiradjuri to relocate and marginalize them into segregated living
    o Aboriginal Protection Act 1869 – 1960s Gave extensive powers over the lives of the Original People of Ngurangbang to the government, including regulation of residence, employment and marriage. Original people were losing their freedom. In 1871 the government developed controls over where people could live and work, what they could do and who they could meet or marry.
     o They removed original children from their families, starting the process that created the stolen generation. The separation from family and communities caused distress, leading to protests
• 1888 – The net result was, original People population reduced by 660,000 Australia-wide to an estimated 220,000

As an example, the sexual abuse and rape of our women and children, and the resulting venereal diseases, sterility, and deaths were noted in the 1845 Report on the Condition of the Aborigines to the New South Wales Legislative Council. Also, introduced diseases such as measles, whooping cough, influenza, tuberculosis, and smallpox had been unknown in the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population, and without resistance spread and wiped-out whole communities.

Biological Warfare commenced in Sydney in early 1789 with the concealment of smallpox within blankets given to First Nations People. Smallpox quickly spread across the Continent killing thousands of First Nations people. The population of First Nations People over the coming years was reduced from 880 thousand to around 220 thousand from smallpox and massacres committed from the British invasion.

Extracts from our Historical Records by Missionaries relevant to the effects of Small Pox

Specific events directly relevant to the Wellington Valley Wiradjuri were again recorded in the Historical Records providing factual firsthand daily events documented by Independent Missionaries, in our Ngurangbang.

5 December 1832
Wednesday, 5. This morning I conversed with a black man, who was infected with a very bad disease, the consequences of a licentious life. He said that the Devil had made him sick. His wife, he told me, has the same sickness, and so had his child, whose eyes, he said, had fallen out. Several others are infected with the same sickness. Besides the small pox, which made great havock among the Blacks two years ago, is said to be again raging among them lower down the country

13 December 1832
Thursday, 13. A little interesting girl engaged particularly my attention. She is the most intelligent looking female I have seen among the Blacks. She at first appeared to be very timid, but afterwards allowed me to instruct her in the letters of the alphabet etc. Her Father and mother died of the small pox two years ago in the bush, where she covered their corpses, as well as she could, with grass and earth
As additional supporting evidence we provide a link to Chris Warren’s video, he explains how and timelines relevant to the Biological Warfare which commenced in Sydney in early 1789 with the concealment of smallpox within blankets given to First Nations People and subsequently spread to the Wellington Valley Wiradjuri as recorded by the Missionaries.

1901 Federation, Policies and Human Rights Breaches
The enacted Government Policies are a lengthy demonstration of the suppression of a race of people to divide and conquer. The European Laws and Policies are not fully understood by Wiradjuri and at times clash with Wiradjuri Cultural lore. It does not require further explanation as up until todays date Wiradjuri are not recognized within the Australian Constitution and are a second-rate citizen, at best. The list is not exhaustive.
• Assimilation policy 1937
• The NSW Land Rights Act 1983 NSW
• Aboriginal Land Councils
• Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission (ATSIC)
• Native Title Act (amended by Unlawful governments)
• Amend Native Title Act 1996 10 Point Plan “WIK Vs Queensland”
• National Native Title Tribunal (NNTT)
• Native Title Services (NTSCorp)
• Office Registered Indigenous Corporations (ORIC)
• Indigenous Land Council (ILC)
• Office of Environment & Heritage (OEH) all sites after 2021 if not recorded in the data base are at risk of obliteration
• Atrocities against Original People in custody
• Intervention 2007 (suspension of the Racial Discrimination Act)

To this day 5 June 2022, continuous dysfunctional Federal & State Governments, acts, policies & agencies, have failed the Ibbai Waggan Wiradjuri People. Politician’s Federal and State need to be personally accountable for their flawed and manipulated decision making and Acts against Human Rights

1967 Referendum
The Referendum occurred at a time of social and political activism in Australia. Indigenous advancement groups had been set up to remain suppressed, and activism was spurred on by the 1965 Freedom Ride, led by Charles Perkins, to draw attention to the poor living conditions of our people and the racism that was rife in New South Wales country towns. The Wave Hill station walk-off and land rights claim of the Gurindji led by Mr. Lingiari in 1966; and the equal pay case for pastoral workers that was heard in 1966 by the Commonwealth Conciliation and Arbitration Commission. Australian public supported the referendum question and Indigenous peoples were added to the census count.

1974 Constitutional Changes by Government
The Federal & State governments from 1768 to present time will do anything to deny the existence of our Human Rights. The 1974 method used & over the years, by the then Labor government to change the constitution without the consent of the People was then & remains illegal today. All acts, regulations, then legislated into law, policies & all agents of the Federal & State governments decisions are unlawful. All Governments from 1975 have continually used this illegal system to benefit their own gain over our People. Ibbai Waggan People rebut the Federal & State governments in every way describe in this submission.

2002 International Criminal Court (Consequential Amendments) Bill 2002
Date Introduced: 25 June 2002
House: House of Representatives
Portfolio: Attorney-General
Commencement: Royal Assent
Note: The Act received Royal Assent on the 27 June 2002, (i.e.; two days after its introduction into the Parliament) and became Act No. 42, 2002

Government of Australia ratified the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide on 8 July 1949 but did not legislate to make genocide a crime in Australia until 2002.

Ibbai Waggan People must ask the question as to why there was such a delay. It finds that at first the sticking point was constitutional uncertainty regarding the use of the external affairs power where the detail of the implementing legislation needs to differ from the terms of the obligations Australia has assumed by treaty. As time went on the delay became an embarrassment for Australia and the matter was relegated to the ‘too hard’ basket. It was the complementarity provisions of the Rome Statute of an International Criminal Court that finally prompted the Australian Government into belatedly implementing its obligations under the Genocide Convention.

The prospect of litigation by Indigenous Peoples no doubt ensured that when the Commonwealth Government finally legislated to make genocide a crime in Australia, it did not do so retrospectively.

2007 Intervention (suspension of the Racial Discrimination Act)
The Australian government’s suspension of the Racial Discrimination Act raised further cause for concern. Township leases were compulsorily acquired over Indigenous-owned land by the Commonwealth for a five-year period to allow for mining leases to be granted. And the permit system administered by Aboriginal land councils to control access to Aboriginal land was revoked.

The Truth as explained by John Pilger
This powerful film by John Pilger looks at the awful truth behind European Australian’s dysfunctional relationship with Indigenous First Nations People, Owners of Ancestral Land, Lore & Culture. Within the film are scenes & comments made by European minded Australian people, similar to below;
“Those that have been assimilated into earning good living, or earning wages amongst the civilized areas that have been accepted into society and they have accepted society and can handle society, I’d leave them well alone”
“The ones that are no good to themselves, who can’t accept things, the half-castes, and this is where most of the trouble comes, I would dope the water up so that they were sterile and would breed themselves out in the future, and that would solve the problem”

Native Title Act
The following section raises concerns as to the credibility of the Native Title Act and potential to deliver as designed and intended. Our information is based on our experiences and we have listed numerous documents that support our conclusions. The departure from the Pre-amble is testimony to manipulation.

1994 Town Common Decision excluding Wellington Valley Wiradjuri People
There is considerable documentation supplied relevant to this Town Common Issue. Basically, the Wellington Valley Wiradjuri Elders objected to the situation which was subsequently approve in spite of Elders objections.

Intervention of the Federal & State governments to Wiradjuri Wellington (NNTT) No: NC94/1, (Fed Crt) No: NG6001/96 (Ibbai Waggan People) first Native Title decision is most disturbing. The Federal & State governments preference over the Wiradjuri Wellington (Ibbai Waggan People) Owner’s claim was the Wellington Common Indigenous Land Use Agreement 2005 (the lLUA) in the making for some time. The Federal & State governments members have deliberately caused Human Rights Violations by ensuring the two parties were in conflict with each other, resulting racial tension within the Wiradjuri Wellington (Ibbai Waggan People) community.

Mr. Andrew John Refshauge, then Deputy Premier & Mr. Anthony Kelly, then Minister for Rural Affairs & are in Violation of Human Rights for inciting racial tensions toward the Wiradjuri Wellington (Ibbai Waggan People) & the community & have indeed mislead the NSW Parliament.

Refer Annexure 1 for comprehensive supporting documentation. It is interesting to note that several of the Government office bearers at the time have endured future consequences relevant to their decisions and actions.

1997 THE DEPARTMENT OF THE PRIME MINISTER AND CABINET. WIK TASK FORCE
It is well documented that the ongoing precedents set and amendments to the Native Title Act 1993 has evolved to a point that it no longer resembles the intent of the Act as stipulated in the Native Title Act Preamble. It has now become a watered-down version.
As an example, the following amendments to the Native Title Act 1993 by the then Prime Minister Mr. John Howard, is what the government prepared to do for an inadequate Act. The amendment is a violation of Ibbai Waggan People Human Rights “on just terms”, Ibbai Waggan Lore, is the Lore of our ngurangbang.

The Prime Minister released the following statement to the media on 1 May 1997.

WIK 10 POINT PLAN
Following discussions with the government members’ Aboriginal Affairs Committee today I am pleased to publicly release my 10 Point Plan in response to the High Court’s Wik decision. The issues thrown up by the Wik decision are difficult and complex. I believe that this plan offers the one fair, practical response which, and importantly, provides certainty to pastoralists and miners, but respects native title.

Refer Annexure 2 for comprehensive supporting documentation.

2009 Wellington Valley Wiradjuri seek native title recognition NDS912 of 2009
As a result of the lodgment by three senior Wellington Valley Wiradjuri Elders, the National Native Title Tribunal is placing advertisements in local newspapers this week to let people know about a native title claim lodged by the Wellington Valley Wiradjuri People in north-west New South Wales.

Under the Native Title Act, the Tribunal is required to notify the public about a native title claim so that people who hold an interest in the claimed area can apply to the Federal Court, within a period of three months, to become a respondent party to the claim.

The New South Wales Government has advised the Tribunal of groups that hold interests in the area, including people who hold fishing licenses, grazing licenses, enclosure permits and mining leases. The Tribunal will be writing directly to these people to let them know about the application.

Wellington Valley Wiradjuri People lodged the native title application with the Federal Court in August 2009. The Native Title Registrar accepted the application for registration on 18 December 2009.

The external boundary of the claimed area extends to the towns of Orange, Wellington and Mudgee, and is located north of Bathurst, south of Dubbo and east of Parkes. Not all land within the external boundary is claimed.

Native title can only be claimed over certain areas of land or water, for example on vacant or unallocated crown land, national parks, state forests and nature reserves. Native title cannot be claimed on freehold land or public works like roads, schools or hospitals.

Tribunal Member John Sosso said it was important to note that all existing valid interests, such as leases, licenses or permits over the area were protected.

“People or organizations with these types of interests in the claim area may want to be involved in working out how their rights may co-exist with those of the Wellington Valley Wiradjuri People if their native title is recognized by the Federal Court,” Mr. .Sosso said.

“By becoming a respondent party, people have the opportunity to participate in mediation meetings with the applicants and other parties. These meetings aim to resolve issues and reach agreements that respect everyone’s rights and interests.”

Source: NNTT

FEDERAL COURT OF AUSTRALIA 2013
File number(s): NSD 912 of 2009
Judge: JAGOT J
Date of judgment: 11 March 2013

NATIVE TITLE: Summary of dismissal, authorization of applicants & claimant group

Within three years of being registered our claim was thrown out over an administrative error. The Native Title act does cater for such errors, but the Judge chose not to & the same Judge above has made an extremally large amount of poor & unlawful decisions. The quickest decision by the Federal Court ever handed down, a decision for the Dictating governments.

We believe, enormous pressure was placed on the Federal Court to ensure Wellington Valley Wiradjuri Elders NSD912 of 2009 claim failed. We believe internal pressure came from the State and Federal governments to execute dismissal options prematurely without rebuff or interface with the Wellington Valley, Ibbai Waggan Wiradjuri Elders.

2013-2018 Warrabinga Native Title Claim on Wiradjuri Lands
NSD 543/2013, NSD 1786/2016 and NSD 857/2017

Ibbai Waggan-Wiradjuri descendants are the owners of our Cultural/Tribal lands. It is part of or duty to protect and preserve our Indigenous ancestry over our Tribal lands. As such, we vigorously oppose any illegitimate claims upon our ngurangbang Warrabinga Claim, all of the assertions made by the applicants upon our tribal ngurangbang. This is imperative in fulfilling our cultural obligations. This is intrinsic within our Wiradjuri culture.

Warrabinga Native Title Claim Group
Ibbai Waggan descendants have knowledge of and have opposed Warrabinga-Wiradjuri activities for many years as they have continually imposed themselves onto surrounding recognized occupied areas.
We have observed Warrabinga-Wiradjuri applicants attempting to obtain an alliance within the Wiradjuri Nation, infiltrating bordering Ngurangbangs. Within the above listed Native Title claims Warrabinga-Wiradjuri ventured onto the lands of the Wellington Valley Ibbai Waggan Wiradjuri people.

Naturally their claim has resulted in some 130 respondents against their illegitimate. Amongst the respondents are Ibbai Waggan Wiradjuri representatives, in opposition. Whilst Ibbai Waggan Wiradjuri exercised our proprietary rights over Ngurangbang we are forced to compete without legal assistance as our requests have fallen on deaf ears. Ibbai Waggan Wiradjuri highlight this factor as another breech on our human rights to contest the illegitimate claim on an equal level. Warrabinga Wiradjuri retain a war chest of accumulated funds form their other external ventures to secure well healed Legal representation.
Non the less Ibbai Waggan attempt to fulfil our cultural obligations. Based on past history, our observations and extensive historical knowledge, we fight on unassisted, without legal representation.

Through minimal searches within the public domain we have presented supporting documents refuting the Warrabinga-Wiradjuri claimed connection to our country through the following Apical connections.

Dianna Mudgee
Peggy Lambert
Jimmy Lambert
James “Tracker” Macdonald
Thullagumaulli

The Native Title court process has languished on now approaching its 10-year anniversary. There is no comprehensive connection to country genealogy supplied to date by the applicants. This connection information is not difficult to obtain information has it had been prepared in previous lodgment by Warrabinga-Wiradjuri mining applications. The sticking point is the difficulty in aligning those Apicals to Ibbai Waggan Wiradjuri lands. We have provided a comprehensive summary of supporting documentation to the Federal Courts which clearly defines the evidence to substantiate our claims disputing their connection.

Ibbai Waggan descendants question the Wiradjuri Cultural knowledge of Warrabinga-Wiradjuri evidenced by their actions and statements in the Statement of Facts, Issues and Contentions bears testimony of their lack of Wiradjuri knowledge. Unlike European Common Law, teachings by our Ibbai Waggan Elders dictate that certain things are simply not exercised in Wiradjuri Culture. WE have responded within the bounds permitted by our Elders.

It is obvious Warrabinga-Wiradjuri have discovered what they believe to be a long past claimed Wiradjuri connection, aligned themselves to gather unimportant information from Wiradjuri people through contact but lacks the real in-depth teachings of the Wiradjuri Elders. The Elders have learnt from past experiences and their knowledge is only shared with those that are entitled to share the higher-level detail.

As detailed earlier, in the Wellington Valley Wiradjuri Native Tile claim NSD912 of 2006, the Federal Court has the authority and triggers to dismiss this case on evidence presented to the court over the last 9 years from the Ibbai Waggan people, choses not do so. The courts have allowed the claim to languish in the processes without substantial advancement. Our only conclusion is the Federal and State governments do not expect the claim to be of major importance.

Ibbai Waggan Wiradjuri Respondents have heard statements made to the Registrar of the Federal court, Legal NTA Practitioners and Government bodies NTSCorp that the legal Native Title system is flawed and potentially supports an economic industry rather that achieving a cost-effective outcome to spurious unsubstantiated claims.

There is no prequalification as to the legitimacy of a claim, only a good story to commence the process. The rest is left to support a legal industry.

The entire Native Title process, including the Federal Court requires an urgent Royal Commission to remove this greatly flawed system.

We continue to represent ourselves as through discussions with our Elders. We regularly access to gain instructions from our Ibbai Waggan Elders, who have a continual connection to country and well-respected within the Wiradjuri Nation. The denial of proper legal representation is a denial of our rights to present our evidence.

2018 Native Title system embeds racism Claims by Prominent Indigenous Barrister

Australia’s first Indigenous silk Tony McAvoy says, Indigenous people must ‘resist, in whatever fashion we can’ to protect land and culture.

Australia’s first Indigenous silk, Tony McAvoy, says the native title system “embeds racism” and puts traditional owners under “duress” to approve mining developments or risk losing their land without compensation.

McAvoy, speaking at a forum in Brisbane on Monday night, said Indigenous people must “resist, in whatever fashion we can” to protect their land and culture.

His comments come as two legal disputes between traditional owner groups and the mining giant Adani reach a critical point.

McAvoy, a Wangan and Jagalingou traditional owner and a senior barrister with experience in native title law, said the system was stacked against Indigenous people.

If traditional owners cannot come to an agreement with a mining company about a proposal, it goes before the national native title tribunal. Traditional owners can demand compensation or royalties during negotiations, but these cannot be awarded by the tribunal. McAvoy said the tribunal, which must apply the native title act, only rarely rejects applications for mining leases.

“What this means is if we object to a mine under the native title process, it’s very likely to go ahead and the normal benefits we might be able to negotiate, which include royalties, which include substantial compensation, well we can’t get those if we don’t agree,” he said.

“Therefore the system, the native tile system … coerces Aboriginal people into an agreement. It’s going to happen anyway. If we don’t agree, the native title tribunal will let it go through, and we will lose our land and won’t be compensated either. That’s the position we’re in”.

McAvoy said the system “embeds racism” and is inconsistent with the United Nations declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples, which demands land not be dispossessed with “free, prior and informed consent”.

McAvoy said the Racial Discrimination Act was suspended in 1998 to pass amendments to native title laws that in turn allowed mining developments to proceed without consent from traditional owners.

“The government knows that the system is racially discriminatory. There is nowhere for us to go. There is no court we can go to, because the Native Title Act has an exclusion for racial discrimination”.

“So, what we must do is say no anyway, and resist in whatever fashion we can.”

Source: The Guardian

2016 Indigenous incarceration rates ‘intolerable’ and momentum for change ‘lost long ago’
Ibbai Waggan Wiradjuri members are not isolated from the dire position indigenous people find themselves. Dispossession of Tribal Ngurangbang destroys the all-important Wiradjuri connection to country. The ensuing imposed Government Policies of Assimilation, relocation, stolen children and training institutions were designed specifically to breakdown of familiar cultural ways undermines Wiradjuri pride and self-esteem. These National and State imposed strategies are a clear breech upon human rights. These strategies and practices result in the Wiradjuri being forced to walk and live within two vastly different environments. Naturally the end results are dire and achieve the desired effects of hopelessness, desperation, racial vilification and a low ebb self-esteem especially when imposed over an extended period.

It is clear through the many commissions, studies and committee reports the root cause, fails to be addressed. It has been recognised Indigenous incarceration rates remain “intolerably” high with most of the recommendations of the Royal Commission into Aboriginal deaths in custody still not implemented after 25 years, according to the Human Rights Commission’s Social Justice and Native Title Report.

The latest annual report into human rights of Indigenous Australians found despite 339 recommendations coming from the 1991 Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody (RCIADIC), progress had not been made.

“The momentum was lost long ago and the numbers of Indigenous people incarcerated have increased,” the report found.

“These increasing rates of incarceration and death, 25 years after the RCIADIC, are an intolerably high price”.